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diff --git a/peripheral/libmraa/docs/internals.md b/peripheral/libmraa/docs/internals.md deleted file mode 100644 index a825375..0000000 --- a/peripheral/libmraa/docs/internals.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,180 +0,0 @@ -libmraa Internals {#internals} -================= - -For building see @ref building. This will describe the general internal build -of libmraa and will be useful to developers who'd like to understand more of -how libmraa works or who'd like to add additional platforms. The internals will -deal with the C API as that is the low level API which libmraa is built around. -Note that C++ is simply a header only wrapper of the C API. - -libmraa has the philosophy that the board mapping is what we typically use in -the API with the execption of i2c/spi bus numbering as they are typically not -labelled on boards and so we use the kernel numbering scheme. Whilst this can -confuse some, it's typically not an issue as platforms rarely expose more than -one of these for user use and so when this is the case, libmraa will always use -the bus in the pinmapper. For example edison uses i2c #6 but since there is -only one, libmraa will try to be helpful and everything is treated as 6 when -doing a mraa_i2c_init(). The _raw functions will override the pinmapper and can -be accessed without a valid board configuration. This can be helpful either in -development of platform configurations for mraa or when modifying kernels -etc... Internally the mechanism is used heavily. - -In libmraa, all code is split into 7 modules, src/{i2c, spi, gpio, uart, pwm, -aio and common}. These should be fairly self explanatory in goals/purpose but a -few work in different ways. Public APIs are stored in api/ and internal headers -are in include/ - -### Logging ### - -Logging is now done purely in syslog(). Note that on platforms running systemd -journald will intercept syslog(3) calls and log to the journal instead. You can -set the log mask by using mraa_set_log_level(). Doing a DEBUG build of libmraa -will also cause the DEBUG macro to be defined which will cause the syslog mask -to be unset. - -### Contexts ### - -libmraa uses contexts to store all information, this context cannot be accessed -by the user and so it's layout can and may be changed without warning to users. -If an init() function fails it will return NULL and further calls with this -context will lead to undefined behaviour. - -### Pinmapper ### - -The mraa_board_t is defined in mraa/common.h. It's a mostly static structure -initialised during mraa_init(). The pinmap file in -src/{arch}/{manufacturer}_{boardname}_{revision}.c then fills this array. It's -also where platform hooks can be defined, functions that will be run at various -'hook' points in the code. - -The mraa_pininfo_t structure needs to be set for the board pincount (set in a -macro in the platform configuration header. Every pin will have a -mraa_pincapabilities_t which will define what it can do. The doxygen -documentation explains how this works but it's essentially a bitfield which -needs to be set for every capability the pin can have. Gpios can have multiple -muxes which will be set at the gpio init before it can be toggled. - -### i2c ### - -I2c from userspace in GNU/Linux is handled by character devices handled by the -kernel driver i2c-dev. For more details the i2c/dev-interface documentation -file in the kernel is the place to go. - -In libmraa, we re-use part of a library - libi2c from RoadNarrows - -i2c/smbus.c. This library simply makes it easier for us to handle the error -conditions that can arrise when writing on i2c buses. Essentially the API is -fairly simple consisting of writes & reads. - -Careful - on alot of platforms i2cdetect will often crash. To findi your i2c -addresses please look at your sensor's datasheet! If using i2cdetect most -platforms do not support SMBus quick write so use the '-r' flag. - -### spi ### - -Mraa deals exclusively with spidev, so when we say bus we really mean bus + -chip select from spidev. Spi(0) could lead to spidev5.1 and Spi(1) to -spidev5.2. Typically on a micro using a random gpio as a chip select works -well, and on some platforms if one is careful with threads this can work well -with mraa. However when a kernel module shares the same bus as spidev (but on a -different CS) this behaviour is *very* dangerous. Platforms such as Galileo -Gen2 & Edison + Arduino breakout board work this way. Mraa will not help you in -using a non hardware chip select, do so at your own peril! - -### gpio ### - -GPIO is probably the most complicated and odd module in libmraa. It is based on -the gpiolib kernel driver framework which uses sysfs. There is a lot of good -documentation in gpio/sysfs.txt in the kernel docs. - -The main issue is that gpios on hobbyist boards typically come with a number of -muxers or level shifters and are often mapped in crazy ways. libmraa's goal is -to make the label on your board match the API :) We hope that pleases you. - -Because boards are very different we use alot of platform hooks (@ref hooks) to -make the initialisation work on all platforms. The hope is that simple -platforms with no level shifters or expanders will work with just the pinmap -definition. - -GPIOs are typically interfaced via sysfs because that's easier for us but we -can also work with fast gpio. This is typically preffered to do mmap gpio -access. This is however trickier and typically relies on lots of platform -hooks. By default we support hitting /dev/mem or another device at specific -addresses to toggle gpios which is how mmap access works on some boards. - -Note that in Linux gpios are numbered from ARCH_NR_GPIOS down. This means that -if ARCH_NR_GPIOS is changed, the gpio numbering will change. In 3.18+ the -default changed from 256 to 512, sadly the value cannot be viewed from -userspace so we rely on the kernel version to extrapolate the likely value. - -### uart ### - -libmraa does not support UART/serial as there are many good libraries that do -this already. In the future we may wrap or use one. However the class exists to -set the pinmapper correctly for uart to work on some platforms. - -### pwm ### - -Internally everything with PWM in mraa is in microseconds because that's what -the linux kernel uses and is probably all the granularity we'll ever -need/achieve with the kind of hardware we're targetting. Board configuration -pwm max/min values are always set in microseconds. - -### aio ### - -AIO pins are numbered after GPIO pins. This means that on Arduino style boards -pin 14 is A0. Typically mraa will only support an ADC if a platform ships with -one and has a good kernel module for it. Extra i2c/spi ADCs can be supported -via something like UPM but are unlikely to receive support in mraa at the moment. - -Note that giving mraa_aio_init(0) will literally query the pinmapper for -board->gpio_count + 0 so you must place your aio pins after gpio_count. This is -the default behaviour but can of course be overriden by advance function -pointers. Whilst maybe not the sanest of defaults, most of the hobbyist boards -we deal with follow a naming pattern similar to Arduino or have no ADC so for -now we have considered this sensible. - -### Initialisation ### - -mraa_init() needs to be called in order to initialise the platform files or -'pinmap'. Because calling this is tedious libmraa uses a C constructor to run -mraa_init on library load. This means that it is not possible to stop this -running and all function calls like mraa_set_log_level() will not work during -mraa_init(). This feature is supported by most sane compilers and libcs but you -can turn off CTORS in uclibc, though I've yet to find a configuration with -someone doing that. mraa_init() can be called multiple times if you feel like -being 'safe'. - -In the SWIG modules mraa_init() is called during the %init stage of the module -loading. This is simply to avoid mraa_init() running 'too' early, though I've -never seen an issue in running it in a CTOR. - -### SWIG ### - -At the time when libmraa was created (still the case?) the only - working - -API/wrapper generation tool that supported nodejs was SWIG. For more general -information on SWIG please see the SWIG documentation. - -The src/{javascript, python} & src/mraa.i folders contain all the files for the -SWIG generation. The C++ headers in api/mraa/ are given as input sources to -SWIG. SWIG modules do not link to libmraa (although maybe that would be a good -idea...) - -Typemaps are used heavily to map uint8_t* pointers to bytearrays and -node_buffers. These are native python & node.js types that represent uint8_t -data the best and are very well supported in both languages. Argument -conversions and memory allocations are performed so the performance of using -these functions compared to the C/C++ equivalent will likely be a little lower, -however it is much more natural than using carrays.i typemap library. - -### NPM ### - -mraa is published on NPM, there is a target to prebuild a mraa src tarball that -can be built with node-gyp. The way this works is to use the mraa_LIB_SRCS -array to generate a binding.gyp file from the skeleton binding.gyp.cmake in -src/javascript. Because we don't expect most NPM users to have SWIG we -precompile the src/mraajsJAVASCRIPT_wrap.cxx. The src/version.c is already -known since this is a static tarball so we write that too. These files are -placed not in a build/ directory but in the main mraa directory. You can then -tar the directory up and send it to NPM. This is done automatically on every -commit by our automated build system. - |